Niccolo Machiavelli: About Liberal Countries

Italian philosopher Niccolo Machiavelli in Chapter V of his writing speculates upon political backgrounds of governing the empires and expresses his opinion about the most effective way to rule such parts of the empire, which previously were living under own system of laws and regulations. In Machiavelli’s opinion, the best political strategy to govern such principalities or cities would be establishing the system of strict control of the ruler and making new colonies obey the laws which were already existing in the empire. In case if by some reason it is impossible to hold the new colonies in bondage, the best and the safest way, according to Machiavelli, would be destroying such former liberal regions. He supports this idea with a number of specific historical examples that illustrate the truthfulness of his hypothesis. Ancient city of Sparta gained control of several colonies, including the cities of Thebes and Athens, but could not dominate there for some long period of time and eventually lost these cities, because the old order and laws were not abolished. However, the Roman Empire was following another tactic: in such colonies of the Romans as Numantia, Capua and Carthage the old system of laws and social order were dismantled and new regions were totally placed under the command of the Emperor. That is how the Romans succeeded in keeping those colonies under control for centuries. According to Machiavelli, this phenomenon can be explained by the necessity to suppress liberal thoughts and love to freedom of newly acquired colonies, because otherwise the spirit of liberty will cause the attempts to obtain independence or revenge. The philosopher also points on some advantages and benefits of being governed by some ruler for the colonies. First of all, the experienced head of the empire can establish political and economic order in a colony much easier and more effectively. Besides, the ruler can provide higher national security and protect the nation from possible civil misunderstandings, rebellions or military attacks, and so on.

Feste Analysis in the First and Second Act of Twealth Night

Fools in Shakespeare’s plays appear often. In Othello, the Tempest, Macbeth and many others, the buffoon is represented as an eclectic person paid to say the truth in a comic manner through songs and jokes. Even though Feste in Twelth Night does not speak frequently in the first and second acts, he says enough for us to see that he is an observant and clever man. Firstly, well associated with the spirit of the twelfth night, the night where society reverses roles, Feste reflects joy. His name is a great example of the happiness he expresses. Feste sounds a lot like the French word  «fete », which means party.In every scene he plays in the second act, he starts to sing. He says to Orsino that he takes  «pleasure in singing » which truly proves his delight in what he does. In other words, he is a man that likes his job. But the name Feste associates with the twelfth night in a traditional way too. He is allowed to say whatever he wishes because he is a licensed fool, as we found out when Olivia referred to him as  «an allowed fool ». This freedom of speech fits in well with the reversal of roles involved in the 12th night ritual. When Olivia orders  «take away the fool », he answers  «take away the lady ».This disrespectful answer would have ended the employment of any of the other servants of the lady. But, even considering the fixed hierarchical structure of society at the time, Feste can say whatever he thinks as long as he says it in song or in a comic manner. Moreover, Feste’s job contrasts with his abilities. Since he is a fool, we expect him to be illiterate, certainly not very perspicacious, but on the contrary, he turns out to be the most intelligent character of the play. This is shown by his developed sense of repartee hidden through his role of jester.For example, in the last scene of the first Act, Maria criticizes Feste of having no real bravery, as he pretends to have, compared with soldiers. He answers that everyo ne should do what he is good at ( «And those that are fools, let them use their talent.  »). This response seems wise and philosophical. But Feste as a fool is obviously someone with a great sense of humor. Over five hundred years, many ideas about life and society have changed and evolved, but humor has remained universal. Feste’s talent and ability is to shield himself with his persona as a fool, but to offer insights and insults of a very wise man.He never behaves badly or in a juvenile way: playing around with food, drinks or other accessories. His only accessory is language. Scene 3 of Act 2, Sir Andrew jokes about Feste because of his status but Feste replies:  «How now, my hearts! Did you never see the picture of â€Å"We Three†?  » implying that Sir Andrew, Sir Toby and himself are fools. This short answer is hilarious because Sir Andrew is wordless but the silky tone emphasize the comic feature of the quote. It seems to me that fools like Feste have tw o roles in Shakespeare’s plays.First, they provide comic relief to what might otherwise be a heavy, if not depressing story. We look forward to their appearance to give us an uplift from the more serious developments in the plot. Without the fool this story would have had a totally different tone, simply a depressing tragedy. Second, they are the characters with which we, the audience, identify. Yes, we too are really insightful and we too see all the foibles and vices of the characters and we too would express our thoughts and observations through witty banter if we lived in these social circles in these times, or so we like to think.

Zimbabwe and Global Health Care Systems Assignment

Zimbabwe and Global Health Care Systems - Assignment Example From this research, it is clear that the World Health Organization (WHO) identifies that a functional health care system anywhere in the world is primary to the achievement of universal coverage of health care. Global Healthcare system refers to the various framework that countries anchor their health care. It covers three critical issues that include access to quality health care, a role of government policies in health care financing and national and global health care concerns. In the wake of 2000, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Primary Health Care (PHC) package provided a bearing to the desired health care needs. According to United Nations Declaration 2012 Report, it identified that despite increased emphasis on universal health care access, many developing countries continue to have high mortality rates. During the study that informed the declaration, it was noted that 75 countries mainly from developing countries accounted for 95% of morbidity and mortality. Notab ly, maternal and neonatal mortality were at unprecedented levels. Zimbabwe was one of the nations in Africa that continue to face myriad health care challenges that led to high mortality rates. Campbell identifies that the recent analyses have drawn attention to the weakness of health care systems. Delivery of health care at community and in hospitals in any country is influenced how the country's health department organizes care framework. In response to health care system deficiencies, a number of countries have embarked on focusing on three important components of an ideal health care system.

Combined joint task force-horn of Africa Research Paper

Combined joint task force-horn of Africa - Research Paper Example Terrorism has been one of the key issues in countries such as Yemen, Djibouti, Sudan, Ethopia, Eriteria, Somolia, and Kenya, commonly known as Horn of Africa. Lot of efforts and key strategies have been formulated over a period of time to counter this menace One such effort to combat terrorism was the establishment of a Combined Joint Task Force which was formed to address the issues of terrorism in Horn of Africa.The paper understudy is aimed at giving an overview of this task force and its operations typically in Kenya The paper understudy is aimed at giving an overview of this task force and its operations typically in Kenya with a view to address the efforts launched in by this team in combating and reducing terrorist activities. Moreover, it also accentuates on the manner in which the contribution of Kenya with respect to war on terrorism has attracted the United State’s attentions and interest in the region. The establishment of Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa took place on 19  October, 2002  (Combined Joint Task Force- Horn of Africa, 2011)  in North Carolina under the oversight of United State Central Command. CJTF - Horn of Africa conducts operations in East Africa, namely in Yemen, Djibouti, Sudan, Ethiopia, Criteria, Somalia and Kenya to build and foster an effective counterterrorism partnership. This was done to promote regional security, ensure stable conditions within the horn of Africa AOR, oversee conflict and dispute prevention, and safeguard and protect the interest of the United States and its allies. Prior to the creation of the CJTF – Horn of Africa, Kenya was plagued by rampant, unchecked terrorism that had impacts within the local, regional and global theaters. Once established however, Kenya’s ability to combat terrorism within the horn of Africa AOR bolstered dramatically.  Ã‚   The discussion of CJTF - Horn of Africa would remain incomplete without its role in Kenya which holds a very substantial and significant place in the war against terrorism. Many experts have regarded Kenya as a harbor of increasing terrorist activities and branded it as a helpless state victimized by waves of terrorism throughout the country. In 2003 the Government of Kenya accepted that western countries had been targeted by a possible member of the Al Qaeda network, affirming the potential of Al Qaeda operating within national boundaries. Beginning with a bombing attack on the American Embassy  (Ploch, 2011), the country’s capital showed signs of terrorist activities as far back as 1998.  Ã‚  The acknowledgement from government however, came very late. Since then, Kenya has become a regular victim of groups having international terrorism expertise. Further investigation determined that poor immigration laws and security legislature have greatly contributed to  the terrorism flourishing in the region. The cells in Kenya were completely under control by foreign groups from within the Gul f States and Somalia.  Ã‚  These groups eventually involved locals, helping them to establish their businesses and using these as fronts for their networks. The leaders of these Kenyan Cells were found to have connections with the Al Qaeda network and disappeared soon after the attacks on the US embassy. The government, in cooperation with FBI, then made endeavors to destroy these Al Qaeda controlled cells in various parts of country, including arrests in July and November of 2001 of Yemeni and Somali people.  Ã‚  Despite of all these efforts, the situation in Kenya never fully regained control and an Israeli airliner was shot down in Mombasa in  2002. The investigation led to another connection with Al Qaeda and revealed terrorist control over major elements of the national security system, as evident by their transportation of surface-to-air missile which was fired at an American military jet at the Prince Sultan Air Base in Saudi Arabia  (Menkhaus, 2011). After this devel opment, the Kenyan government officially acknowledged the

The impact of divorce on human growth and development (childhood Research Paper

The impact of divorce on human growth and development (childhood through adulthood) - Research Paper Example Divorce is veritably a family stressor that cripples the family system. Frequently, it causes chronic anxiety and the affected family members will be hard pressed to defuse the unbearable tension. An adolescent, who is susceptible, could be seriously affected by the crisis in the family. This development permits the quarreling parents to concentrate on the pathology of the adolescent, thereby diverting attention from their private squabbles (Polacek, 2008, p. 10). The US experienced a drastic increase in the rate of divorce and separation, during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. During this time, there was an increase in the number of employed women. There was fluctuation in the relative contribution of spouses to the household income. Despite the enormous amount of research conducted in this area, there is little understanding with regard to the effect of economic resources on marital dissolution (Sanz, 2007, p. iv). The impact of parental divorce on the development of children has been studied for more than three decades. Several research studies have demonstrated an association between divorce and depression, diminished educational attainment, early assumption of high – risk conduct, and enhanced risk of suicidal behavior. In addition, marital discord is generally accompanied by depression. A number of family studies have shown that there is clear association between parental depression and negative child outcomes (Vousoura, et al., 2012, p. 718). In fact, Cummings and Davies have demonstrated a relationship between parental depression and depression in their children. In addition, parental depression has been seen to produce suicidal tendencies in children, anxiety disorders, dependence on intoxicants, somatic symptoms, disruptive behavior problems, insecure attachment, difficulty in controlling emotions, flawed psychosocial functioning, and problems related to attention and cognition (Vousoura, et al., 2012, p.

Week 8 Group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 8 Group - Essay Example He also points out that all communication takes place via the firewall, which monitors all the incoming data before allowing it to go to the local network. As in the case with ABC Company, there are several reasons why the firewall was placed in between the internal and external domain. Firstly, the company reports that most of its employees are not privy to all the information. As such, a firewall is positioned between the internal and external domain so that their access and trust can carefully be predicted and monitored. The reason being, if their home machines which live outside of the firewall are interfered with, then the sensitive equipments found inside could also be at high risk of being compromised. Therefore, a firewall is put at the boundary to prevent security threats from external users. Secondly, the firewall is positioned in between the internal and external domain to provide security by examining all the incoming data packets from the general public so as to ensure that they are only allowed to enter the local network after meeting the security conditions. This prevents putting the internal domain at risk of sabotage among others. Anita (2010, p.294) notes that the firewall provide user authentication by approving the password and username, which ensures that only authorized users are allowed access to the internal domain. The other important reason why the firewall was placed between the internal and external domain is to hide the contents and structure of internal domain from external users. The company notes that it became necessary to hide some of the contents and structures found in the internal domain from unscrupulous users that may interfere with its contents and structure. Doing this was only possible by positioning the firewall at the boundary to ensure that the unscrupulous external users are totally denied access to the internal domain unless otherwise

Byron Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Byron - Essay Example 94 He closely examined the nature of leaves and flowers (that is nature)/And he would try to find meaning in the wind; and then/He fantasized about wood nymphs and tree spirits,/And the nature of man and woman (goddesses coming down to man)/By doing this he lost all track of time/ And then she thought of how old Don Alfonso was (fifty years!):/I wish he hadn't been so old, /Because that age isn't very appealing,/The appeal of such an age,/Doesn't work with love, despite the money she could gain. 113 It became dark and the yellow moon rose:/This moon represented the evil of their desires;/People who considered who chaste were wrong,/Of this particular label, there isn't a day,/Not even the longest day, not even the twenty-first of June,/Can contain the amount of wickedness/That only three hours of moonlit seduction-/However she appears so innocent (it is a lie)! 114 At that hour of night the silence is dangerous for morality,/The stillness allows for inner desires /To be released, without any power,/That can call someone back to control themselves;/The silver light gave the background a certain holiness,/It gives the landscape a certain beauty and softness,/This

Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Question - Essay Example Due to the complex competitive and fast moving world, it is pivotal for organization to have the ability to innovate and install sooner. The role of leadership is vital for sustaining, creating and managing innovation. Leaders have the capability to be flexible in problem solving, intuition and possess the quality of curiosity to the drive the growth and success of organization (Posner, 2012). Leadership can change the climate of organization which can eventually help for innovation. Every successful organization has leaders who can use their head effectively, create open and supportive environment in workplace and finally facilitating idea with guts. Leadership role is also to inspire, collaborate and make creative process for the betterment of organization. Motivation of people in workplace, focusing on change management and setting direction are the critical role of leadership for sustaining innovation. Reward system for employee has been one method to motivate the employees. The beneficiary factor of this system is that it can motivate employees for the benefit of organization. Reward is completely different from salary. Individual reward system is providing employee higher pay rate or other benefits on the basis of skills and dedication towards the work. Certain employee provides every effort necessary to make the company successful. This individual employee is provided rewards for their effort and will power. The reason behind the use of individual rewards system to create a clear plan, motivate to perform better. Individual reward can give provide huge motivational factor than that of group rewards. It can simply boost the performance of single individual employee. The ethical implication of individual reward system can help other personnel in an organization to understand the reason behind the personal reward (Williams, 2012). This can effectively boost

Economic Analysis-India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic Analysis-India - Essay Example Security is one factor that affects trade and business across the world. India, being a democracy with a stable government and political system, has an environment suitable for conducting every kind of legal business – the fashion industry being no exception. Nationals in this country therefore retain the right of choice and are not restricted from selling or wearing any type, kind or brand of decent clothing. Further, the country’s security is generally above board with cases of insecurity both in towns and rural areas remaining significantly low. This stable condition has seen businesses across the country actively grow with economic factors of demand and supply playing significant roles in trade. India is known to be a major producer and exporter of agricultural products including jute, sheep, goats, sugarcane, potatoes; oilseed, cotton, tea, rice, water buffalo, poultry; fish, cattle, and wheat. The country further thrives on handicrafts, and numerous modern service and production industries which provide income to the majority of working citizens. Also, economically, the country ranks fifth by purchasing power and twelfth by exchange rate compared to the rest of the world. This being the condition, it is notable that food as a basic need is quite affordable to the majority of India’s nationals and the cost of living is generally low. As a result, most citizens are able to purchase part of their income to purchase decent clothing for themselves. Energy is a major factor that affects business. India has the capacity to produce enough electricity and oil products for export. In fact, India’s electricity sector and infrastructural industries have always experienced reasonable growth which significantly impacts trade in all sectors of the economy. This means could be taken to imply that the energy needed for

Cultural Differences in Uncertainty Reduction Essay

Cultural Differences in Uncertainty Reduction - Essay Example The basic difference between high context cultures and low context ones is that while high context cultures view communication as a means for social bonding, low context cultures see it as a means for information transmission. As a result people while people from these varied cultural backgrounds are faced with anxiety when dealing with strangers, the manner in which they tackle the issue is rather different. Charles Berger's Uncertainty Reduction Theory deals with this concept of 'uncertainty' and focuses on how different aspects of communication can increase or decrease our uncertainty level about others Uncertainty reduction is all about understanding a stranger and being able to predict and explain his/her behaviour in a given context. (Griffin, 2006)The first part of this paper focuses on Charles Berger's uncertainty reduction theory and how this theory is important to our understanding of communication between cultures. The second part of the paper discusses the issue of cultural differences between societies and individuals. This section will describe the various characteristics of high and low context cultures and how they try to reduce uncertainty while dealing with strangers. Expanding on Berger's theory,. ... Expanding on Berger's theory,. William Gudykunst and his colleagues found out that all cultures seek to reduce anxiety and uncertainty in the initial stages of the relationship, but they do so in different ways (Littlejohn & Foss, 2004). The difference can be explained by whether one is a member of a high-context culture or low-context culture. Central to the uncertainty reduction theory, which was originally formulated by Charles Berger, is the assumption that when strangers meet, their primary concern is one of uncertainty reduction or increasing predictability about the behavior of both themselves and others in the interaction (Wright, 2000). The original formulation of uncertainty reduction theory in initial interactions posited seven axioms and 21 theorems which specify the interrelations among uncertainty, amount of communication, nonverbal affirmative expressiveness, information seeking, intimacy level of communication content, reciprocity, similarity, and liking (Gudykunst, 1985). The seven axioms that Berger uses to reinforce his theory are; as verbal communication increases, the level of uncertainty decreases; uncertainty causes increased levels of information seeking; high levels of uncertainty result in low levels of self disclosure; uncertainty causes increased levels of reciprocity; similarities decreases unce rtainty whereas dissimilarities increase uncertainty; and high levels of uncertainty causes a decrease in liking whereas low levels of uncertainty increase liking (Wright, 2000). Charles Berger's Uncertainty reduction Theory focuses on how human communication can be used to gain knowledge and create understanding. (Griffin, 2006) . Uncertainty reduction follws a three step pattern of developmental stages namely, entry personal and exit. At

Domestic Polices of Johnson and Eisenhower Essay Example for Free

Domestic Polices of Johnson and Eisenhower Essay The decades of 1950s and early 60s were periods of unprecedented affluence, prosperity and economic growth for USA, at scales that is difficult to match by any other country in human history. Years of persistent industrial growth, technological advances, and a full-time developed economy during the Second World War set the platform for USA to experience continued improvements in its industrial outputs, living standards, individual income, business and commercial profits, and infrastructural and capital growth. With its GDP and GNP repeatedly touching new record heights, USA had undisputedly become world’s richest behemoth. However, amidst this spectacular mantle of prosperity, there remained large patches of poverty, racial discriminations, unemployment and inequality that did not conform to high level of affluence generally attained through out the nation. To bridge this yawning gap, President Johnson launched the concept of ‘Great Society’ with aim to bring equality and justice in US and distribute fruits of growth and prosperity to every citizen. Policies and Programs of ‘Great Society’ The landslide victory of Lyndon Johnson in 1964 general election gave him suitable platform introduce a series of legislations concerning education, healthcare, environmental protection, consumer rights, regional and urban development, civil rights, employment opportunities, social welfare and income supplement programs, as part of his vision towards the great society. As Johnson himself belonged to middle class family, his ideas were well shaped and oriented towards the exact framework that he wished to create. Pursuant to this vision he proceeded to introduce a number of legislations that included, Food Stamp legislation, Civil Rights Acts, Economic Opportunity Act, Mass Transport Program, Public Work and Employment Act, and Medical Health Car, Social Support, and Education Programs. The notable programs under Johnson’s ‘Great Society’ were 1. Income Assistance: Under the Income Assistance program, financial coverage and assistance were provided to people to enable them to support themselves and become self-dependent. People were counseled, advices and encouraged to strive to meet their own requirements, under government aegis. 2. Education and training: Johnson was of firm view that education and training had crucial role in uplift deprived people to general levels of prosperity and affluence, providing tools and paths to break the vicious cycle of poverty and seclusion. Therefore, he put special emphasis on providing equal educational opportunities to economically deprived children. In the ‘Great Society’ Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, special provisions were included to provide financial help, services and required assistance to schooling agencies and boards covering areas with economically disadvantaged families. Further, provisions were instituted that provided direct financial help and support to individual disadvantaged students. A number of training programs were launched in semi urban and rural areas to provide work exposure, work related training and vocational training to people, to enable them to earn and break free of poverty. 3. Healthcare and Medicare Programs: Recognizing the requirement of healthcare for all, an integral part of ‘Great Society’ vision was to provide medical care for elder and poor people, who are unable to look after themselves. The Social Security Act of 1965 and 66 ensured health care and medical treatment for people belonging to all age groups. 4. Housing: A rapidly emerging urban America required houses to support the millions that came to cities to full fill their dreams. Concurrent were the problems of providing secure shelter to thousands homeless poor, left stranded on streets in inclement conditions. Therefore through Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 one the one hand government targeted construction of 26 million additional rehabilitation units and on other provided for easy flow of real estate credit, liberalized loan market, expanded public housing fund, and low installments to enable people in low and middle income groups to own houses. 5. Environment: One of significant achievements of Great Society vision was launching policies to make environment as free of pollutants and chemicals as possible, and thus imitating the drive towards environmental awareness. Armed with a number of acts and legislations such as Clear Air, Water Quality and Clean Water Restoration Acts and Amendments, Wilderness Act of 1964, Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968, Land and Water Conservation Act of 1965, Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act of 1965 etc, Johnson tried to create a social culture that is aware of its responsibilities in protecting environment. Differences with Eisenhower People, and especially poor oriented polices launched by Johnson stood in contrast with the generally industrial and business focused programs adopted by Eisenhower in his regime from 1953-61. During the Presidency of Eisenhower, social welfare programs had taken backstage before large-scale industrial, infrastructural, and military programs. Although the entire nation as an entity move ahead, serious gaps had remained in its fabrics that Johnson tried to cover with his welfare programs under ‘Great Society’

Sex difference and mathematical reasoning Essay Example for Free

Sex difference and mathematical reasoning Essay The main aim of the study was to determine whether mathematical reasoning is influence by sex of a person due to inconsiderate admission criteria that was adopted in United States for awarding scholarships to students irrespective of sex. In order to achieve this, the study selected sample population from both genders for students who were 13 years and above. The study was a result of the argument that males tend to dominate in mathematical aptitude test, which was evidenced by John Hopkins talent search in 1971 to 1979. Hence, Benbow and Stanley had to carry out this study to prove whether the argument was true and whether there was link between sex and ability to have good mathematical reasoning. Benbow and Stanley in this study investigated sex difference at the high level possible of the mathematical reasoning ability. The study was started by first identifying two groups of students who had the best mathematical reasoning from various mathematical aptitude test that they had taken. The study adopted two procedures where the first one involved identification and selection of students who took part in John Hopkins talent searches campaign from 1980 to 1982 (Benbow, Stanley, 1983). The students who were found to have the highest intellectual ability and below 13 years were given college Scholarship aptitude test, (SAT) to determine their mathematical reasoning. Consequently, the second procedure involved conducting nation-wide talent search and selecting those students who were below 13 years and were willing to take SAT. The results of this study indicated that students who were 13 years of age and below had high mathematical reasoning as evidenced by high scores in SAT, the mathematical part of the test. In addition, the results found that males scored far much high compared to females and thus support the prediction of the study that sex difference play important part in mathematical reasoning for children below 13 years. The evidence from the study indicated that those who scored 400 marks in SAT, males were more than female in the ratio of 1.51:1 and those who scored 600 marks or more the boys to girsl ration was 4.1:1, which showed that males had better mathematical reasoning compared to girls at the age of 13 (Benbow, Stanley, 1983). Consequently, nationwide talent search had the similar results with boy to girls’ ratio increasing to 12.6:1 for those that score 700 marks or more. The significance level Null distribution is the study probability distribution when null hypothesis is considered and regarded to be true. This means that null hypothesis it proved using null distributions. In this case, the alternative hypothesis is rejected. However, where the study does not support the null hypothesis, the said concludes by rejecting the null hypothesis at a given level of significance. Therefore, 0.05 significance means that the null hypothesis was rejected at 95% level of significance. The standard deviation error helps to determine the level of unbiased data and results of a given study and thus it becomes very important in any study. In this study, the standard error was important to determine the level of errors and thus improve the level of data reliability. Similarly, the confidence interval is used as the measure of reliability of the estimates obtained in the study. This helps to indentify if the data is misleading or within the significance level. References Benbow, C. P., Stanley, J. C. (1983). Sex differences in mathematical reasoning ability: More facts.  Science,  222(4627), 1029-1031. Source document

The Reciprocating Pump Engineering Essay

The Reciprocating Pump Engineering Essay A pump is a mechanical device which helps to move fluids including liquids or gases. It is basically a hydraulic machine which converts the mechanical energy to the hydraulic energy. The hydraulic energy is been present in form of the pressure energy. There are various types of pumps such as positive displacement pumps, velocity pumps, Buoyancy pumps, Impulse pumps. The various different pumps are also been sub-classified in various other pumps. Positive Displacement pumps are one of the most commonly used pumps. They are sub-divided in to Reciprocating and Rotary pumps. Typical types of the Reciprocating pumps are Plunger pumps and Diaphragm Pumps. The Plunger pump is also known as Piston Pumps. The Reciprocating Pumps are highly efficient pumps which are even suitable for the very high heads at low flows. It is a self priming type of pump as it can draw the fluid from the level below the suction flange if the suction pipe is not evacuated. There should be a smooth flow required for achieving a good efficiency (Chinnuraj, 2009). The complete system is based on the design of the pump. The head of cylinder is been mounted with suction and discharge valves. The fluid enters the pump through the suction valve and goes out threw the discharge valve. In suction stroke, suction valve opens when the plunger retracts. The liquid gets pushes out of the discharge valve in the forward stroke. Reciprocating system has a pulsating discharge and it totally depend on the speed of the pump which can be easily altered. The intake of the fluid in the pump is always at a constant volume. They are often used for slurry and sludge. There are various different designs from rest of the pumps. The design containing single-acting motion discharges fluid from only one side of the piston. There is only one suction and discharge per revolution of the crank shaft. The other design is the double-acting piston design where the suction and the discharge occurs on the either side of the piston resulting in double suction and double discharge per revolution of crack shaft. Classification of PD Pump Positive Displacement pump are been classified as follows: Positive Displacement Pump Rotary Pump Single Rotor -Vane -Piston -Flexible -Member Screw -Simplex -Duplex -Triplex -Multiplex -Simplex -Duplex Double Acting Single Acting Diaphragm Piston Plunger Reciprocating Pump Simplex Multiplex Multi Rotor -Gear Lobe Circumferential Piston -Screw (Gates, 2010) Working Principle of Reciprocating Pump The working principle of the Reciprocating pump is very simple; it operates on the principle that a volume of liquid would be displaced by solid equal to its own volume. The mechanical energy is been converted in to the pressure energy and takes place due to the suction of the liquid into the cylinder in which the piston is having a reciprocating motion (linear motion-threw and fore). This exerts the thrust on the fluid and hydraulic energy gets increased gradually. In single acting reciprocating pumps, a single piston moves forward and backward in a closed tight cylinder. The linear motion of the piston in the cylinder is been given by connecting piston to the crank with the help of a connecting rod. An electric motor is been used to give motion to the crank and the rotary motion is been converted to the linear motion by the help of the connecting rod. The working principle is somewhat similar to the car engines where the piston has the same movement threw some similar kind of motio ns. In Reciprocating Pump, the suction valve allows the fluid to enter where as the discharge valve tends to discharge it from the cylinder (Chinnuraj, 2009). http://www.lcresources.com/resources/getstart/pump.gif Fig 01: Working Principle of Reciprocating Pump (Getting Started in HPLC, 2001) Types of Reciprocating Pumps The Reciprocating Pumps are usually classified as follows: Direct or Indirect acting Simplex (single) or duplex (double) Single   acting   or   double   acting High pressure or low pressure The direct acting pumps are one of the most common type of pump been used. It is been known so as in the particular design the pump rod is a direct extension of the piston rod in which the lower end is been directly connected to the piston in the cylinder. Single and Double action pumps is as mentioned earlier. Single action has a single suction and a single discharge per revolution and Double action pump has two suctions and discharges per revolution. Applications Reciprocating Pumps have a very large contribution to the society with plenty of uses. They are been used for no. of small and large applications including irrigation, chemical movement, sewage movement, flood control and marine applications and even many more. Designing factors like size and type of pump depends on the usage. They are been used in various purposes such as: High pressure jets: The purpose of pumps used is producing a direct high jet pressure of the fluid. The inlet flow is at a constant flow and pressure but the discharge at a high velocity and therefore results to high amount of pressure. Chemical Injection: The Reciprocating Pumps are even used in the chemical industry where they need to inject the chemical in a certain flow or pressure. It is been used at very high precise and accuracy Irrigation: The pump is usually used in farms and gardens to distribute water throughout equally and automatically without any sort of manual efforts. Sewage movement: The pump are been used to move the slurry or sewage material in a very easy and automatic way. The main advantage is the time constraint. It takes very less time as well as it is very cheap compared to other techniques. Marine application: The vast amount of usage is being the marine sector where they need to use water movement from one part to other through a pump. The pump is very easy and compact source of product which can be installed very easily and without any maintenance in future. In marine field pump is used for: Lubricating oil transfer Fuel oil transfer Auxiliary circulating and condensate. Domestic uses: Reciprocating pump is even used as domestic purposes. In olden days it was very common to use a hand pump which was a type of reciprocating pump with help of which we can pull the underground water for various purposes such as home usage, irrigation, construction, small scale industry and many more. Discharge and Pressure Characteristics The working principle and the characteristic is been keenly observed earlier. It is been very easy to analyse the discharge and pressure constraints of reciprocating pumps. The discharge of the reciprocating pump is not uniform and stable. The discharge characteristic depends on: Head flow of fluid Fluid density Speed of reciprocating piston Pump size and design The discharge is completely non-uniform and throttling. The pulsating property of the discharge fluid is seen. This is because the piston moves at a high velocity hitting the fluid out wards and the hitting of the piston is not a continuous act which can give a uniform pressure outlet. Despite of vital use, the reciprocating pump still encounter pulsating pressure which is been seen at the suction and discharge lines. This pulsating feature is result of the interaction between unstable flow of fluid and the dynamic characteristics of the fluid particles. Pressure pulsating in the suction line can lead to the cavitation, either in the line itself or in the cylinder chamber. If cavitation is been experienced at the start of the piston stroke than the piston loading and the crank assembly can fail. Because of all this factors it reduces the life of the pump and also affects the safety conditions (K A Edge, 1997) Pump Performance and Efficiency The head of flow against which the pump works is called total head, H. The total head of the pump is the energy imparted to the liquid by the pump. H = hd hg Therefore, the effective head of a pump is expressed by the following equation: H = Equation 1 (Sorensen, 1969) This design principle of the pump work similarly as that of the turbines. The energy of supplied to the pump by the rotating shaft to move the piston inside the cylinder, in terms of bhp: Energy, e = = The capacity of the pump is proportional to its displacement per unit time, D. Assuming 100% of the hydraulic efficiency of the pump, the displacement of the pump is calculated. The displacement is the calculated capacity of pump which is proportional to: Cross-sectional area of piston, A Length of the stroke, S No. of cylinders, n Pump speed in rpm (gallons per minute) D = (A ÃÆ'- S ÃÆ'- n ÃÆ'- rpm) / 231 In case of double acting pumps, the cross sectional area is twice to be taken in to account from which the cross sectional area of piston rod (a) is subtracted. In double acting pumps, D = ((2A a) ÃÆ'- S ÃÆ'- n ÃÆ'- rpm) / 231 The volumetric efficiency of the pump is expresses in terms of percentage. It is directly proportional to the ratio of the total discharge volume to piston displacement. The ratio (r) is equal to (c + d)/d where: D = volume displaced by piston C = Additional volume between the discharge and suction valves. So it is clearly seen that smaller the ratio, the volumetric efficiency is tend to be better. Mathematically it is expressed as: VE = 1 (P ÃÆ'- b ÃÆ'- r ) S Where P is pressure B is the liquid compressibility factor R is volume ratio S is the slip. (Joe Evans, 2004) Losses in Reciprocating Pump There are various losses which are been encountered in the pump such as: Frictional losses Head losses Heat transfer losses The various losses occur due to the friction and the movement of the fluid. It depends on the head flow of fluid, density of the fluid, piston speed and the fluid suction capacity as well as discharge. There are lots of constraints been involved here, but it simply can be minimised but not 100% avoided. Advantages Easy in working Inexpensive Compact and Easy to install Low maintenance Works at high speed and at low power Disadvantages The major disadvantage of the reciprocating pump is that it has a discontinuous discharge flow which with variable pressure and hence it adversely affects the potential of the pump usage. There are various techniques been used to minimise the pulsating feature but it still tend to create problems. There are some technical ways used to minimise it by using sensors or throttle valves which keeps the discharge pressure uniform, but it does affect the overall flow and creates a kind of friction to the overall discharge pressure. Secondly, it has a disadvantage that it is prone to flow separation at the lowest pressure point in the system. The design of the system is such that this problem would be there and cannot be solved. The various different tries and practical experiments to minimise it would not work till the design is not thoroughly changed. In spite of all this disadvantages it is still a very useful product and widely used.

Analysis of Sam Spade Essay -- sexual maturity, masculinity, film

There a many definitions of masculinity and those definitions are heavily influenced by culture, environment, media, and the child’s parents. When young men start to reach their sexual maturity, they have to create their own definition of what it is to be a man. The idea of masculinity creates a lot of questions, because there is no resource that will give a young male the answer. Due to this, young males learn what it is to be a man from a grab bag of possibilities. Eventually, the young male will have accumulated traits, appearances, behavior, and so on that defines what it is to be a man. With a new sense of self, the young male transforms into his idea of masculinity. In the Maltase Flacon, masculinity is defined through the actions of Sam Spade whom demonstrates the masculine principals of making his achievement of alpha male status a top priority, aggressive behavior, avoiding being feminine, homophobic, and restriction of his emotions (Meek) through his interaction with several characters throughout the film. Through out the film, Sam Spade has a constant need to prove to himself and other people around him that he is an alpha male. This need is triggered when Sam Spade feels intimidated or challenge by another male. Sam Spade’s alpha male status is challenged when he is taken at gunpoint by Wilmer Cook to see Kasper Gutman. Sam quickly rises to the challenge and manages to take Wilmer’s guns away from him (Falcon). Considering that the gun is a phallic symbol, one could interpret that when Sam took away Wilmer’s guns he symbolically took away Wilmer’s masculinity as punishment for challenging his alpha male status. Sam’s action of emasculating Wilmer inflates his ego and reinforces his masculinity though his achievem... ...ith several characters throughout the film. This particular definition of what it is to be a man is presented to the public in the form of media. It is possible that this film could serve as a guide for how young men of the past, present, or even future should behave in order to be considered a man. In this film, the femme fatale sexuality is censored, but the ideals that acting violently towards people who are homosexual, constantly fulfilling a need to achieve dominance through aggressive and violence behavior is the cultural norm of what it is to be a man. This film demonstrates people acceptance of this behavior and acts as propaganda. Works Cited Meek, Dr. Will. Psychology of Men. Ed. Dr. Will Meek. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. . The Maltese Falcon. Dir. John Huston. 1941. Warner Bros., 2000. DVD-ROM.

Wal-Mart: Good for American Cities and Towns Essay -- Business Analysi

Wal-Mart has been a staple of America since July 2, 1962, when Sam Walton opened the first Wal-Mart Discount City store. Within a few years, Wal-Mart Discount City stores began to spread across the country. In 1968, it opened its first stores outside Arkansas, in Sikeston, Missouri and Claremore, Oklahoma. Sam Walton found success in offering consumers options and variety. Since that first store opened, Wal-Mart has now entered the grocery business and now the company controls about 20% of the retail grocery and consumables business. This says a lot about a man who began his retail career after working just 18 months at J.C Penny. Sam Walton found success early on with offering variety, and options when no one else was. Consumers want more for their dollar and Wal-Mart has centered their focus on this idea, and has not apologized for that fact. In fact, Wal-Mart’s sole existence relies on the consumers search for the lowest priced goods. Wal-Mart has transferred itself from a simple variety store into Wal-Mart Supercenter and has other chains which include Wal-Mart Neighborhood Market and Sam’s Club. Wal-Mart Inc. has found a way to offer options to the consumer not classically offered in grocery. By offering options such as an optical center, one-hour photo processing lab, Tire & Lube Express, and even in some cases hair and nail salons, pet shops, and pharmacies, Wal-Mart has taken steps to break the mold and offer consumers options that other stores cannot and has done a good job at that. With these types of options you could be in a Wal-Mart Superstore for hours and complete all of your afternoon shopping. This idea isn’t lost on Wal-Mart Inc., now offering the ability to get a money order from the ATM shows also why Wa... ...s prices gasoline cheaper then local competitors. Wal-Mart also has donated more than $1.5 million national BackPack Program, The Nation’s Food Bank Network will deliver backpacks filled with nutritious, protein-rich food to school children in need. With the money raised thousands of backpacks filled with much needed food for school children to take home. It has helped to rasie funds and build awarness it the problem of hunger, with a â€Å"Be A Part Of The Solution To End Hunger† campaign. Wal-Mart Inc has done a great job at bringing together what is local to the area and what isn’t and bringing to many small towns. So when a Wal-Mart stands up, it isn’t just Wal-Mart Inc who benefit, but the community. REFERENCES http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wal-Mart http://walmartwatch.com/ www.walmartfacts.com/ http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/77/walmart.html

Essay on Shirley Jacksons The Lottery - Inhumanity Exposed

Inhumanity Exposed in The Lottery The story entitled "The Lottery," written by Shirley Jackson is an intriguing and shocking parable. "The Lottery" is set in a small village on a clear summer day. Written in objective third person point of view, "The Lottery" keeps the reader in suspense as the story progresses. The story begins June 27th on a "clear and sunnyfull-summer day." From the very beginning, irony occurs in the story. The author describes the day as "clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full-summer day; the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green." To describe such a beautiful day when the ending is so ill fated, is very ironic. The villagers, all three hundred of them, gather in the square. There is a feeling of excitement and relative normalcy as the people talk of their everyday happenings. The lottery is conducted by Mr. Summers, as he is the one that directs the "civic activities" of the town. The night before the lottery, all of the families have their names placed in a black box. The day of the lottery, Mr. Summers has each head of family draw a slip of paper from the box. When each family has selected a slip, they all open the papers together. The Hutchinson's are the "winners." The process then repeats but this time, ... ...lso to show the dark side of American society and what it is capable of. This is similar to other points in history, such as: slavery, the Salem witch trials, and the extermination of the American Indians. All three of those examples involve inhumanity without the usual American apathy. Though inhumanity does exist, it is usually without active support. However in the examples mentioned before, people acted on their ordinarily latent barbarity. The Holocaust is another parallel to "The Lottery." The senseless genocide of the Jewish populace is very much similar to the ridiculousness of the lottery. In essence, "The Lottery," is a mirror of the human subconscious.

Hostile is outsourcing: The story of Manufact Essay

This case study is concerned with issues of Hostile IS Outsourcing. It describes the situation which developed in May 1996 as problems with communication and careful planning within the organisation, resulted in a key department being outsourced. This had many implications which had a negative â€Å"knock-on† effect throughout the company. I am going to highlight these and look at issues which may minimise the risks in taking such important decisions. The ManuFact Company is a mid-sized (SME) European company in the kitchen hardware industry. (The company consists of 3500 employees of which 39 of them work in the IS department) It has a total o of 3500 employees, mainly in production and distribution and an IT department with 39 people whose budget is $4 million and a largely mainframe based portfolio. A key person in this company is Smith who was the IS director for ManuFact until March 1997, who reorganized the IS capability from a marginally successful semi-independent subsidiary to an internal department. He received good feedback about his ability to keep IT costs down and maintain a satisfactory level. What we have to keep in mind at this point is that Smith was excellent at his job, trusted within the company and was recognized and valued in the organisation. The other key person in this case is Lawler who in May 1996 became Smith’s boss. Lawler had a background as chief council for ManuFact and was a member of the board. He was part of a three-person top management committee with responsibility for administration, personnel, and legal issues as well IS departments. However we have to note that Lawler had â€Å"little† IT experience. Therefore we can make a judgement that for key decisions within this IS department, the right thing for Lawler to do would be to consult a person with the right understanding and specialist knowledge for decision making purposes. Later on we will see that this was not as such and the whole structure of the IS department was affected, due to the lack of communication with the right people and high risk decision made. Within this case study we see that Lawler was interested in â€Å"downsizing† and â€Å"facilities management†. What do these terms mean? Downsizing is a reduction in the staffing requirements of businesses which can follow after privatisation for a variety of reasons such as competitive pressures or the need to increase the profitability of the business by cutting costs1. Facilities management is the Management and operation of a part of a client’s IT facilities under a contract extending over several years2. The definition of Outsourcing is an arrangement whereby a 3rd party provider assumes responsibility for performing Information Systems functions a pre-defined price and according to pre-determines performance criteria. It can also be defined as the purchase of a good or service that was previously provided internally. With IT outsourcing an outside vendor provides IT services traditionally provided internal MIS department3. In the case Lawler requests Smith to research companies about outsourcing, of which three main companies are contacted, one being ISCorp. After initial consultation with the company Smith advises Lawler that there is a potential to save $275,000 but realistically they would break-even due to transition costs. Hence Smith warns that this solution would not be feasible. So assume that this is an accurate judgement by Smith as he knows best about the department due to his experience working within the IS department. However Lawler is approached directly by ISCorp and is informed that there is potential to save $6million to which he feels obliged to accept the offer. He therefore falls into a â€Å"big trap† and believes the biased portrayal of the vendor, by not appreciating the views of Smith and the careful analysis he conducted. From the information we have we can assume that Lawler has not planned the contract correctly to his benefit. A reason for this could be that he had insufficient IS experience. Lawler could have considered selective outsourcing which is when company decided to outsource, despite possible disadvantages, it must always decide whether to pursue it fully or selectively. Full outsourcing means, that all its IS functions from desktop services to software development are outsourced4. A company would outsource everything if it did not view IS as a strategic advantage that needs to be developed internally. This may be the case with ManuFact, and Lawler may have made this decision on that basis, however we do not know that. Had Lawler known about selective outsourcing he may have considered that. Selective outsourcing is where a company chooses which IS capabilities to retain in house and which could be given to an outsider. Areas which could fall into this category could be Web site hosting, business process application development, help desk support, networking, communications and data centre operations5. Reasons to outsource selectively could also be that a particular area or a segment can’t be improved and would only be perform better if completed externally. It provides greater flexibility and better service due to the competitive market. Lawler should have looked at some outsourcing models such as the classic outsourcing model. This dictates that an enterprise should outsource only those functions that do not give it competitive advantage. This would result in all the ManuFact IS employees being made redundant and offered new jobs within ISCorp. The ManuFact IS staff felt de-motivated and not wanted as later on in the case they all leave except two. As a consequence expertise knowledge was lost from within the company. Now ISCorp were worst off as they had to find new staff to replace existing members which meant they were not only less experienced, but also were not familiar with the existing systems resulting in higher costs for both training and recruitment. No new development took place for nine months. ISCorp had the cheek to demand an extra $1.5 million to cover work not specified in the contract .This indicates that the contract was not as ManuFact sought after as careful analysis of the problem was not thoroughly thought out. Therefore there were â€Å"loopholes† in the contract which ISCorp took advantage. On ManuFact’s part, lawyers should have been present when agreement of this contract took place to ensure ManuFact got exactly what was required. Another problem with regards to the ambiguity of the contract was that the amount of systems development hours specified by ISCorp was only half of what the IS department was currently putting in; but each hour was billed considerably higher. Therefore the current IS department would have been less expensive than ISCorp’s had they calculated with the same number of hours. However Smith was not successful in outlining this point with Lawler. ISCorp benefited from this and ManuFact lost out. Nine months on the systems were running fine, but new systems development still had not started. This could have an effect in other areas of the company or it could be that it has had a â€Å"knock-on† effect through the company already. (E.g. Company X produces Pokemons in the assembly line. The packer is waiting for the producer, so he can load the stock in the warehouse. If the producers are delayed then this has a knock-on effect as the packer is delayed, therefore the delivery is behind schedule and the consumer won’t get his Pokemon) Complaints had already been received from line organisation about ISCorp’s lack of customer service and also there were criticisms about the aging technology. As the contract did not contain any provisions for upgrading technology, ManuFact were effectively locked with the same technology infrastructure for the next five years. Recently Smith had heard that some of the subsidiaries were trying to break out of the contract so they can move on to newer and better technology. This would be difficult but if it was possible, it would be very costly for ManuFact as assumptions are made that ISCorp are well guarded for such an occurrence. On the side of ManuFact, if in the contract there was a clause that that would enable them to â€Å"backsource† or â€Å"in-Source† as it sometimes called, ManuFact could bring it’s IS team back internally. However they themselves may not want to consider this option due to previous experienced staff having gone elsewhere. Due to their previous problem, ManuFact are afraid of losing their staff members again which would mean they lose 18 months of skill, time and know-how which is currently in the â€Å"hands† of ISCorp; whom ManuFact are reliant on. In this particular case I feel that the disadvantages outweighed the advantages and my reasons are given above. ManuFact fell in many pitfalls such as focusing their negotiation solely on price. As the contract was not clear cut, it looks like many key areas such as planning were not looked at before deciding. As the savings looked very attractive Lawler didn’t carefully evaluate and appreciate his own company’s and staffs capabilities, not to mention thorough evaluation of the outsourcer’s capabilities. By checking the credibility of the vendors claims, ManuFact may not have got itself into the position it has because it would have meant ISCorp justifying themselves on many points and it could have â€Å"clicked† to Lawler and probably made him think twice. The main pitfall was that Lawler did not make the decision to consult the right people The recommendations I would like to give to ManuFact are to look into the contract and find any areas which have not been fulfilled and seek compensation if possible. If they want to completely backsource try to lure ISCorp staff to stay and work them. They could offer them incentives such as better pay but at least it would retain the specialist staffs that have trained on its systems for nine months. If this is not possible try and re-negotiate the contract ensuring that there are contract managers and lawyers present so ManuFact get the best or at the minimum, exactly what they want from the contract. Given the complexities of this case I would make sure that whatever decisions are made the staff currently working on the systems, STAY. To conclude I would like to say that Before deciding to outsource the top level management of a company really need to weigh up its pro’s and con’s. It needs to foresee where the company is going and see what measures it should take to achieve them. They should consider the possibility of selective, full or not to outsource at all if need be. Full or selective outsourcing allows an organisation alternative top-performing IS services in-house. Cost savings or filling gaps in the organisation’s IT skills are powerful drivers for outsourcing. The numerous risks involved in outsourcing arrangements must also be carefully assessed by IS and general manager alike. The Company ought to enforce a buy-out clause, if a company decides to outsource make sure the right specialist people such as lawyers are present to make sure things go according to plan, and finally: If a company decides to outsource ALWAYS check the fine print. Bibliography Person, K.E, and Saunders, C.S.,2004, Managing and Using Information Systems: A Strategic Approach Oates, D 1999, Outsourcing and the Virtual Organization: The Incredible Shrinking Company Willcocks, L.P and Lacity, M.C., 1999 Strategic Sourcing of Information Systems: Perspectives and Practised. Yaseen Adam Strategic Management and Information Systems

Cognitive, Research ad Learning Theory

The mixed bag in classrooms today challenges teachers to develop heathen and social competencies together with keeping incumbent with the developing theories in cultivation and education. For example, in Avram Noam Chomskys study of the language exploitation, which burn be extended to the work of describeing any body of knowledge, he points extinct that language heap not be learned by conditioning or stimuli alone (Sylwester, 2005).This suggests that need to develop associations regarding the center and construct of objects for a child to learn that the earth is the third planet from the sun, the concept of ordinal order must origin be established. Thus, Jean Piaget suggest that development programs should be student centered to reinforcing stimulus the one-on-one cognitive capacity and methodological analysis (Gardner, 2006).The case of presented by m atomic number 18 Testonis sixth-grade class reflects this challenge the diversity in instruction styles, academic sk ills and ethnicity as puff up as their work habits, behaviors and levels of participation requires the development of approaches unique to the child (Griffin et al, 2003). However, in reality, thither be signifi wadt constraints in doing so in terms of resources, expertise and time. Thus, in that respect is a need for teachers to strategize their methods. In female horses case, one approach is to habituate a cognitive perspective for the learn theories that provide serve as the ft of her strategies.1. What factors are influencing students assimilation and readjustment?2. What are the commonalities and contrasts of students schema or context?3. What are the modalities of methods of accommodation?4. How can mental plowes of learning be mapped?5. Are there typologies to measure up the population based on single(a) characteristic of students?6. Can the cognitive military rank of students provide insights to current behavior and act in class?In the aim of cognitive theor y and research and learning theory, female horses focus bequeath be in understanding the mental paradees of her students. Cognition, suggests that there is learning occurs through the exploit of generative development (Cronin& Mandich, 2004). In utilize this as a leaning theory, Maria will have to carry on the living competencies of her students and the curriculum she is creating for them.This will then consider observed behavior become vicarious in the evaluation (Sylwester, 2005). The approach can limit behavioral factors in the mind which can be extraneous to evaluate. Thus, the process of cognition is considered to influence behavior sort of than behavior influencing the level of cognition (Griffin et al, 2003).In general, cognition and its related learning perspectives extinguish the majority of behaviorist views on the process of learning (Cronin& Mandich, 2004). They highlight that learning goes beyond the stimuli-response process and depends more on the exclusive s cognitive processes. As Maria proceeds with the assessment, she will see the entailment of the cognition in her students performance in class.In conclusion, insights regarding the manner by which individual students create their network of concept relationships can allow Maria to create exercises of lectures that will subscribe to students needs. In doing so, the cognition process of the child only has to assimilate randomness rather than accommodate it. At the kindred time, if the cognitive methods of students have varies highly, the same insights on concept relationship networks can in any case be used to reinforce accommodation of knowledge.ReferencesCronin, Anne and Mandich, Mary Beth (2004). Human Development and motion Throughout the Life Span. New York Thomson Delmar disciplineGardner, H. (2006). The development and education of the mind. New York elemental Books.Griffin, C., Holford, J. & Jarvis, P. (2003). The Theory & Practice of Learning. London Kogan Page.Sylwes ter, R. (2005). How to formulate a brain An educators handbook of brain terms and cognitive process. Thousand Oaks, CA Corwin Press.

Summary “The Environmental Issue from Hell”

We’re Hot as Hell Is global warming a moral dilemma? Is it the american public policy problem from hell? In â€Å"The Environmental Issue extract from Hell,† Bill McKibben uses many of such phrases en route to arguing for a new approach to global warming. By discussing hell and morals, the reader’s own mind is already equating it with two heavily debated issues. Therefore, we begin to question their existence and how we should  deal  with the subjects. McKibben wisely chooses these disputes to represent his main concerns: the ways in which consumerism affects the global ecosystem, wired and the impact of humans on the environment.Theres an overview of the insights of the chapter.(McKibben 747) Choosing the single word divorce (which everyone has heard and in some only way or another experienced), and also elaborating about parking garages  and air operant conditioning captivates the reader. He uses the example that if it gets hotter outside what is our automatic reaction? We turn the AC up without contemplation. He explains that these new technologies what are not letting us feel the consequences of global warming, causing us to be completely ignorant of it.Related article: †The old Proverbs of Administration† SummaryMckibben feels it is subsequently important to make people realize eternal now because, â€Å"By the time the magnitude of the change is truly in our faces, it will be too late to do much about it.Of citing book reviews the matter is fairly delicate logical and ought to be approached with a specific large quantity of wisdom and research.

Mckibben inaugurates his second third paragraph suggesting that we make the environmental issues, â€Å"†the great extra moral crisis of our time, and the equivalent of the civil civil rights movement of the 1960s. â€Å"(747). He uses this analogy to explain that in his opinion, we are strip-mining the immediate present and destroying all of whom come after it. Thus, leading him to discuss exactly how humans’ materialistic ways have impacted the earth.You ought to read the information Should you wish to learn to format a book review.In many circumstances it is believed how that if it had been done to us, we would personal dislike the generation that did it, just as how we free will one day be disliked. The solution given in the essay on how to handle these environmental issues is to start a moral campaign.In other words, â€Å"†¦ turn it into a political issue, just as bus boycotts began to make general public the issue of race, forcing the system to respo nd. â€Å" (748).Together keyword with AI, the organization doesnt need many folks to do the job.

McKibben is asking for us to take a  step  back and look from special someone else’s point of view, which as an author is a more brilliant idea. He is asking us as the most readers to be open-minded and look through someone else’s dark eyes with the hope that it will be his. Works Cited Mckibben, Bill. â€Å"The Environmental Issue letter from Hell.If, after reading your post, the customer would like to purchase the item, theyll click it logical and be brought to the sellers website.Boston: Learning Solutions. 2011. 746-49. Print.The official notification wills merely click should they find that its valuable.

For instance, a user might have to understand when there is a terrorist captured.In which youre at the short story does inform you.To start with, you need to read the book and receive a copy of this (either electronic or hard ) so you could consult with specific several pieces and offer appropriate citations.1 thing about the book is that its rather simple to read.

If you do an internet search, you will discover keywords deeds that are a lot of much like your original.People dont want to get sold and want to get information.You want to register your presidential address for all those products that you last wish to sell, when you have select done this.It allows us to grow.

Prevention of Teenage Pregnancy Policy in the UK

introductionThis shew im incision talk of the menstruation policies in lay to go for teen bewilderhood in the coup lead Kingdom. Firstly, it leave al whiz antedate the learn invention of immature maternity and prove it over against the fixedting of the jobs it creates. The reinvigo senddfangled puerile maternity form _or_ formation of politics give beca mapping be acquainted and critiqued. Fin on the whole in exclusively(prenominal)y, a anatomy of recomm cobblers lastations and deduction leave al iodin be drawn. rende sinker and to a pooh-pooh placecoat correspond to the humankind surfaceness organic justice (WHO), puerile arresthood is delimitate as gestation extremity in a cleaning charwoman elder 10 19, whilst Unicef (2008) position it as cosmos occurring in a woman erad(a) 13 19 (Unicef, 2008). On the bum of this definition, Unicef cipher that the adolescent maternity run in the UK is the spunkyest in westb ound atomic enume reckon 63 (Unicef, 2001), and forth from a splendid decrement in the debateage post to juveniled m sepa respects during the 1970s it has keep oned relatively immut able since 1969 ( doh, 2003). In 1999, the press judicatures ingressible excision s overlyling block (SEU) presented its dish to fantan acknowledging the backcloth and distressfulness of the chore, curiously with refer to price to the finds faculty constituent and wayage progression, and the wellness of the tike.The theme adolescentd m sepa pose followss systemThe SEU implored the semi administrational science to tear to decrement immatured indecadetions by 50% by 2010, and to scarper the complaisant expulsion of materialization m former(a)wisewisewises. To tint the start aim, the SEU champi maven(a)d break a style companionshipable didactics, roughly(prenominal) inside and alfresco naturalize day and break down assenting to contraceptives. To happen upon the turn, it recommended the carrying f in whole prohibited of multi-agency regime syllabuss knowing to tole ramble contri onlye in ho utilise, prep being and knowledge.To impose the recommendations of the c either over, the organisation set up the puerile maternity unit (TPU), which was located in the di reverie of wellness, yet take upful topical anaesthetic political science (LA) to hold their avow st prizegies to skip jejune digiting by 50% by 2010, with an temporary physical object of 15% by 2004. The bulk of stripe strategies center on iv chance upon aras the rehearse of jackpot media to attach ken of inner wellness, call down and kindred study (SRE) in cultivates and corporation areas, well available go and randomness on informal wellness and bust-quality nourishment for novel p bents to recede entreeible extrusion (DCFS 2009). In 2000, the plane section for Children, Schools and Family (DCSF) extendd selectives to all schools to discipline that SRE in schools aimed to alter childlike the great unwashed to raise trusty and well- cognizant choices c drop off to their intimate lives and give oer from fantastic conducts which becharm unintentional growliness (DCSF 2009c). LA gave their blotto setting to visualise cellular inclusion of love SRE programmes into own(prenominal) and loving cultivation littleons in all schools (DfES 2006).The methods of administering SRE differed crosswise LAs. For usage, the serve of informal wellness medical specialisers were stretched exterior clinical environs to cut crosswise schools and association settings. Programmes forthdoor(a) of the school milieu were utilise to exhibit new-makers to the realities of p atomic number 18nting and the receiptss of sure versed choices, and involve pick your Life, bole light beam Kit, Teens and Tots, and the virtual(prenominal) maam poli tical program. The vary inevitably of culturally assorted communities were measured, and programmes were disembowel-to- drift to fit them. In LA containing the nigh at- pretend schoolgirlishrs, advanced SRE plans involving p bents, discoverers, school nurses, teachers and forefront supply were do. Southwark LA for example, seek to advance the schooling of childly wad on overly soon gestations, direct them to create mentally true(p) choices and in turn away slump the rate of teen pregnancies ((NHS Southwark 2007 Fullerton et al 1997).The actions interpreted were in line with the goals and pop the questions of the agendum studies prevail demonstrate that newbornrs judge a get hold ofing place to cover grammatical gender and race exits, and such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) forums are in fix(p) as they mitigate the chances of archaeozoic internal turn over (Allen et al. 2007 Fullerton et al. 1997). Nevertheless, topical anaest hetic anesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic differences occurred that hampered with the statistical distri neverthelession of SRE in the schools in whatsoever areas. non all schools embraced SRE in their knowledge programme, roughly of the teachers were chatoyant of the peak to teach and were each ill-fitting or ultimoy few callownessfulness commonwealths knowledgeable matters. near schools had a syllabus that excluded tender or activated topics, which take on an central share (Chambers, 2002). twain(prenominal) areas implicate complicated gender classes these were less prospering as well-nigh teenrs, curiously females, tangle contain (Stephenson et al. 2004). Additionally, any(prenominal) parents ref employ to set up the constitution and withdrew their children from SRE classes (Lanek, 2005). In reception to these uncontrollableies, the wellness & accessible caution scrutiny Sub-Committee (2004) make farther recommendati ons, accent marking the obligation of schools ( get off the groundicular propositionly confidence schools) to complicate SRE in the curriculum. topographic tier 2010, the constitution aims and objectives were to build on the animate schema, and modify immature population to peck the knowledge, advice and exit they fatality from parents, teachers and other specializer to argue with the printing press to hurl conjure, please unequivocal and sympathize with parityships and urinate skillful intimate wellness. indemnity graphemecastBirkland (1984) and Lowi et al. (1964) arrive argued that lettered the type of constitution ace is proportions with give enable one to call in what may bear posterior the indemnity has been utilize. and, Wilson (1973) has criticized catego rise policies, as close to are withal labyrinthian to be so simply defined. This is a objurgation that evict be fiarly levelled at the polity under talk overion, which is two precludeive and self-regulatory. It aims to abbreviate and preclude pregancies to bridging wellness and genteelness discrepancy cracks that jejune mothers face, cut back child exiguity and trim the cost of teen maternalism on frequent cash. It is both dispersive and hard-nosed distributive in that it permits hit to a event gathering (Birkland, 1984), and pragmatical(a) in that it was designed to be practical and viable (Maclure, 2009).The presidencyal condition jibe to Leichter (1979) mise en sceneual factors that open fire tinct insurance trade ordure be political, cordial, sparing, cultural, home(a) and outside(a), with approximately factors engenderly major(ip) contributors to the insurance insurance insurance insurance insurance form _or_ system of political science. victorious the example of inter potal factors, Levine (2003) pleads that interdependency of nations with the like well-disposed caper plenty engende r crossship pottyal the insurance of the adopting nation takes to progress to up their problem. In the UK, inter subject field bewitchs such as the European compass north, WHO and countries veneering the self aforementioned(prenominal)(prenominal) high immature gestation flow rate rate accept all squeeze UK polity on the same issue (Baggott, 2007). As a member state of European Union, the mandate of our field of study law by the Union takes antecedency in intercommunicate and sharpening our policies (Mclean, 2006).politically in Britain, the jejune mother has come to typify well-disposed write out. This began with the handed-downist establishment in the 1990s, who depression politicised the single mother by describing her as typifying the rife deterrent example standards ( regionicularly amongst the lower kind classes) that jeopardize confederacy (Macvarish, XX). pursuance the preference of the drudge companionship in 1997, this political lore was modify in line with the un make determination ofd take vision a more than than than plausive interior(a) irritability teamed with traditional fight views on loving equality. down the stairs this perspective, issues such as want and un work were viewed as symptoms of neighborly exception whereby item-by-items were below the belt excluded from alive(p) amply in society. such communities were to be viewed sympathetically rather of being blamed, and it was in spite of appearance this context that the dodge evolved diminution immature gestation period was one way of strike the excluded include (Macvarish XX).Against this screen emphasize of poitical ideology, the UK has a classless system of politics whereby decisions and policies are made fore on the influence of the stakeholders. The two-year-old gestation period schema had pluralist influences including the music conductor of worldly concern wellness, consultants in guinea pig wellnes s, the director of sociable serve, specialist midwifes and parents of teenrs. These contributions were multi-level subjectly, regionally and topical anesthetic anaesthetic anaestheticly. At a national level, financial go for and warrantee was provided by ranking(prenominal) ministers, counsel and monitor was provided at a regional level, and touch on by young heap and their parents provided the topical anesthetic input. insurance constitution execution executing is the edge of bit form _or_ system of government into pull (Buse, 2005). The execution of instrument of the adolescent gestation period indemnity was dickens flesh the prototypical launched in 1999 and depended on better awaken commandment both in and out of schools, and change access to contraception. The snatch form came 10 eld later in 2008 and relied upon divers(prenominal) government programs designed to dish immature mothers with go to rearing or prepare, gaining employme nt or providing gestate with other well-disposed factors such as ho apply.The slaying of teend gestation form _or_ system of government was overly top-down. The purpose of the policy was to stretch and counter juvenilers from become azoic parents finished and through take over and change magnitude carrying into action of stay focussing by the government and to besiege favorable excision of puerile mothers. The policy raise be seen to be self-regulatory because it was behavioural and aimed to provide the individual with the skills to make informed decisons regarding their versed wellness (Bartle & Vass, 1998). in that respect are surplus factors that care to hurry the murder of policy actors in policy, and experts in the order of business. Actors principally are individuals with agency that posterior be excercised through influencing policy. They may be tercet house or insistency roots and fucking include politicians, civilian servants, and memb ers of an interest group (Buse, 2005).The participation of experts in the docket setting was exempt from the outset. The home(a) guidance allowed the local areas to thrive the scope of the policy using guidance. The occasion of local actors and the use of entropy from the local areas helpered to cause local action. fetching advantage of local knowledge or discipline facilitates twin(a) policy to the specialised call for of the jejuners. epitome of policy advantage outline death penalty connect successFollowing the take of the policy, the soonest the system could drive to be employ was primordial 2000, but this was extremely certified on the employment of local teenage maternalism co-ordinators. By the third disembowel of 2000, 75% of these posts were laged, rising to virtually cytosine% in 2001 (TPSE, 2005). With regards the confabulation system, the ploughshare of local areas that used media melt downs to honor the messages of the national camp aign grew steadily from 2% in 2000 to 40% in 2001 (TPSE, 2005). The number of areas with at least(prenominal) one inner wellness service employ to young commonwealth subjoin consistently from 68% in 2000 to 84% in 2001, era financing for young parents with emphasis on reintegration into work and develop ruddiness to 70% fit in to TPSE (2005). everywhere the var. of the outline, 10,000 teachers, aliveness staff and nurses were prepare to contain Personal, affectionate and wellness command in schools (TPAIG, 2010).Prevention associate successThe pilot light intake of the teenage gestation period scheme was to progress to a 15% decline in under-18 macrocosm by 2004 and 50% step-down by 2010, attended by a descending(prenominal) skip in the under-16 caprice rate (TPSE 2005). The maiden stage of the scheme came to an end aft(prenominal) a period of ten long judgment of conviction without achieving its absolute scar. In the advance(prenominal) part o f tits downation, the policy appeared to begin talk over success. By 2002, the fancy rate for under-18s had go by 9%, reversing the upwardly edit seen preliminary to the dodge execution of instrument, and black eye to the relatively smooth place discovered over the past 30 age (TPSE, 2005). succeeder alter crossship canal the UK, but a sheer decline in intention pass judgment in socio-economically divest areas suggested that it had targeted the nearly at- peril areas. For example, hackney council account a decrease in the range of repeated miscarriage from 49% to 27% in under-18s, and they rack upress that the mass of under-16s get over non having trip payable to soul of abstinence. How thriving the policy had been depended greatly on how sturdyly it was use across various local areas. In public, thither was a reduction in areas that turn out carried out straitlaced implementation, with some areas able to idea a 45% decline, date other areas performed indisposed due to ridiculous implementation, with no reduction, or in some cases, an improver (TPAIG, 2010).However, the experience physical composition teenage motherhood dodge beyond 2010 found that the boilersuit pattern rate had move by 13.3% since 1998, dropping well slight of the intercommunicate 50% reduction. However the doh add that births to under-18s had travel by 25% over this period (DoH, 2010).They overly point to the increase in access to cozy wellness work, information and advice as an redundant index number of success. The new point goes beyond the real 10-year target, adding more subject added to the policy, following an additive care for check to TPSE (2005). Incrementalpolicy tally to Lindblom (1993) is a major acquirement that is win as a moderate of small move taken which reticent against policy disaster. However, the new flesh exists inside a clime of austerity. The rate of flow downtrend of purpose place in t he under-18 age group leave behind be difficult to importanttain against a backdrop of disinvestment, which has already led to all-inclusivespread culmination of specialist intimate wellness function for under-18s.Gaps in the policyIn applying teenage motherliness policy to the present post, it target be verbalise that the policy did not very regard interior into the situation that the commonwealth was facing. It looked at the success rate of other countries without adapt their measures to check over the problems particular to Britain. The policy is a accessible policy and as such it focused on the kind human face of the problem without expression at the health issues that come with teenage maternity. Addiitonally, the time frame addicted to get together its target of a 50% was too condensed. young pregancy is inextricably united to both distress, a complaisant issue too wide to face in one decade. It is excessively powerfully related to sociable isation, and specifically the conduct to nurse a culture of openess regarding versed behaviour and health. This again is too confused to repugn in 10 years.RecommendationsIn the primary instance, the alignment disposal essential holler the shortcomings shortly seen in versed relation learning (SRE). The fountain regimen elect to not make SRE part of the peremptory curriculum, and as a upshot cookery of SRE across the terra firma is patchy. The governing body should pass polity ensure beloved manage such as SRE becomes compulsory. Additionally, refinements to be SRE charter to be made. In particular this should include devising heathen and faith- infantryd SRE programmes, which pull up stakes better appeal the motley of beliefs held in a in advance(p) multi-cultural Britain. Also, the slowness of same- ride SRE classes should be ideal and implemented (Fullerton et al 2001). more than use should be made of robust team-working in spite of appearance c ommunities, health sectors and schools in adjudge SRE, and the originative use and boost training of more peer-educators to hit the hay the scheme within schools should be considered. minly, an accession which combines measures to prevent teenage conception and backup man teenage mothers essential(prenominal) be in in tandem to wider measures to embrace poverty and social extrusion. The red ink of the instruction alimentation grant and the cube of many an(prenominal) trustworthy beat centres disproportionately prejudice the socio-economically deprived, and break the gap in proficiency amidst the profuse and poor.Thirdly, the coalescence government moldiness be invested in fashioning reductions to teenage maternalism rate a priority. Ring- fencing of funds for specialist intimate health services and training in SRE must(prenominal) be guaranteed in order to not lose the small, but noteworthy reductions in teenage maternalism judge seen to date. Relate dly, strategies to book of facts teenage gestation should be merged into all future(a) policies.Finally, the patchy constitution of schema saving across local politics must be reference worked. plains that leave out to implement the strategy efficaciously should be identified, and instigate according. sharing of best employment across local government should be made routine.ConclusionsIn conclusion, this judge has depict the teenage gestation period strategy devised in 1998, its background and political context. It went on to discuss the outcomes of the offshoot ten-year stagecoach. At this point, it is comfort too early to prescribe whether the second phase go out meet its overall target, in particular in the authentic economic climate, although the strategy focused forethought on the problem and provided materials to help local, regional and national implementation of the strategy. 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